Browsing by Author "Sani D"

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    Evaluation of Anticoccidial Activity of Citrus aurantium L. Ethanolic Leaf Extract against Experimental Eimeria tenella Infection in Broiler Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
    (2022) Ishaq AN; Sani D; Abdullahi SA; Jolayemi KO; Ebbo AA; Jatau ID; Gadzama IM
    Background Coccidiosis is a debilitating poultry disease that costs the world more than £10.4 billion annually. Citrus aurantium L, also known as bitter orange, belongs to the family Rutaceae, it's been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat nausea, constipation, cancer, cardiovascular effect, and as antioxidant. Anticoccidial activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Citrus aurantium L. against experimental Eimeria tenella infection was studied in broiler chickens. Methodology C. aurantium leaves were collected, authenticated, pulverized and extracted using ethanol. Thirty-six broiler chicks were obtained and thirty chickens were experimentally infected with 20,000 sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts and assigned randomly into six groups of six chickens each. Group A was uninfected and untreated (negative control), group B served as infected-untreated control, group C were infected and treated with a standard drug; amprolium 1g/L of drinking water (positive control), groups D, E, and F were infected and treated with ethanolic leaf extract of C. aurantium at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg orally, respectively, for seven consecutive days. Weight gain was calculated and the oocysts per gram of faeces were counted using the McMaster counting apparatus. Blood samples from each experimental group were collected on days 7 and 14 post-infection for haematological examination. Results Results revealed that treatment with ethanolic leaf extract of C. aurantium dose-dependently decreased the E. tenella oocysts shedding, increase body weight, improved caecal lesion and significantly (p < 0.05) increased the PCV, TRBC and Hb concentration with significantly decreased (p < 0.05) TWBC of the infected chickens. Conclusion C. aurantium provided beneficial effects against E. tenella-induced coccidiosis in broiler chickens. The plant should be further validated to investigate the essential compounds responsible for the anticoccidial effect.
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    In vitro assay and in vivo effect of artemisinin in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected Wistar rats
    (2021) Jolayemi KO; Mamman M; Sani D; Okoronkwo MO; Usman A; Udechukwu CC; Oyetunde JS
    Background Control of the trypanosomosis has been targeted towards vector control or by the use of antitrypanosomal drugs such as diminazene aceturate and isometamidium with reports of toxicity and relapse following treatment. Hence, the need for continuous research for a safe, efficacious and less toxic drug. In previous studies, artemisinin has shown antitrypanosomal effects against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and also against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T. b. brucei) in vitro. This period of drug repurposing has led to scientists searching for ways of utilising artemisinin because of its reported multifunctionality and ability to mediate several targets that are important for different diseases. Purpose To evaluate the in vivo effects of artemisinin against T. b. brucei following the in vitro assay. Methods Previously to perform the in vivo assays, the in vitro effects of artemisinin on the T. b. brucei trypomastigotes growth were assessed. The in vivo effects were tested on Wistar rats at doses 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively. All Wistar rats were euthanised at the end of the experiment; kidney, lung, liver and brain samples were harvested and processed for histopathological examination. Results Complete cessation (p < 0.001) of trypanosomal motility in vitro by 2 and 20 µg/µl artemisinin between 10 to 60 min was observed when compared to the controls. Artemisinin showed an IC50 value of 0.42 µg/µl while the positive control drug diminazene aceturate displayed a lower activity with IC50 of 2.99 µg/µl. Level of parasitaemia and survival rate showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in treated groups compared to group II (Infected and untreated). Mean packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in all infected groups and returned to almost pre-infection values following treatment. Histopathological evaluation showed artemisinin to prevent the distortion of normal architecture of the selected organs. Conclusions In vitro, artemisinin produced a complete inhibition of T. b. brucei motility at 2 and 20 µg/µl. In vivo, artemisinin at 5 and 10 mg/kg prevented histoarchitecture damage of selected organs and caused an elevated haematological profile.
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    Research Note: Evaluation of acute oral toxicity of povidone-iodine in cockerels using the up-and-down procedure
    (2021) Sani D; Abdu PA; Mamman M; Jolayemi KO; Yusuf PO; Andamin AD
    Povidone-iodine (Polidine) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antiseptic and being applied topically to treat wounds and prevent their infection. It is however used by poultry farmers, field veterinarians, and other animal health workers with the claim that it is effective for treatment of infectious bursal disease when administered orally. Hence, an acute oral toxicity study was conducted to ascertain its safety profile. Ten cockerel chicks were randomly selected and divided into 2 groups of 5 chicks per group. One group served as the negative control, whereas the other group was administered povidone-iodine at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg of BW orally. The blood sample was collected at the end of the study to determine changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. In addition, vital organs were also harvested and preserved for histopathological examinations. The result showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) of the povidone-iodine is higher than 2,000 mg/kg of BW in cockerels. There were no significant changes in the hematological parameters measured. Biochemical evaluation (renal and liver function test) showed an increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels after administration of povidone-iodine. The study indicated that the LD50 of povidone-iodine is higher than 2,000 mg/kg of BW of cockerels, and there were increases in urinary and liver enzymes at this dose.
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    Toxicological evaluation of repeated administration of povidone iodine in cockerels
    (2022) Sani D; Abdu PA; Mamman M; Jolayemi KO
    Povidone-iodine (Polidine®) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antiseptic being applied topically to treat wounds and prevent their infection. It has been however reported with the assertions that it is effective in the treatment of infectious bursa disease (IBD) when administered orally by practicing Veterinarians and other poultry handlers. Acute kidney injury has been reported also with povidone iodine ingestion. Hence, in this study, graded dose administration was conducted to ascertain its safety profile. Forty chicks were obtained from a poultry hatchery in Ibadan, Oyo State. They were randomly divided into four (4) groups of ten chicks each. Group I served as negative control, groups II, III and IV were administered Polidine® at 1 mL/50 L, 1 mL/25 L, and 1 mL/10 L of water respectively for 7 days. Blood samples were collected on Days 3 and 7 post administration for determination of haematological and biochemical parameters. Liver and Kidney tissues were harvested following termination of the experiment and processed for histopathological examination. Results revealed no significant (p > 0.05) effect in the haematological and biochemical parameters of cockerels treated with Povidone iodine at 1 mL/50 and 25 L of water. On histopathological examination no lesion was also observed in the liver and kidney tissues of groups I, II and III (normal control, 1 mL/50 and 25 L respectively) when compared to group IV (1 mL PI /50 L of water) where lesions were recorded. Hence, this study has shown the relative safety of povidone iodine at different doses in cockerels.